QUESTION 01 / 07easy
For , Case I applies when:
QUESTION 02 / 07easy
In Case I, the substitution is:
QUESTION 03 / 07medium
For , and are:
QUESTION 04 / 07medium
In Case II, the substitution is:
QUESTION 05 / 07medium
Case II (failure case) occurs when:
QUESTION 06 / 07hard
After shifting to in Case I, the resulting equation is:
QUESTION 07 / 07hard
For , we get . The right substitution is: